Disaster solidarity and survivor ethics: a case study of Hurricane María in Puerto Rico.

Liminal periods of disaster solidarity in the aftermath of disaster are a common experience of many survivors. These periods have a specifically ethical component in that people spontaneously engage in collective, altruistic action and magnanimously expand their ethical focus beyond normative social distinctions and hierarchies. Inevitably, however, such solidarity seems to wane, and people return to pre-disaster patterns of interaction. Nevertheless, some individuals move beyond opportune acts of assistance to more extensive reorganisations of their lives during the recovery period and reshape their ethical commitments in new and durable directions. These individuals help make visible marginalised 'others' and draw collaborators to share new ethical visions. Based on observational and interview data collected after Hurricane María (2017) in a mountainous Puerto Rican municipality and employing the framework of virtue ethics, this paper examines the differential effects of disaster solidarity on survivors' ethical responses and the different contributions these make to society.

Call of Duty - What are Physicians' Obligations During Crises?

BACKGROUND: Society allows physicians the privilege and responsibility of caring for patients. Those responsibilities demand that their knowledge and technical expertise meet standards defined and policed by their colleagues, through medical societies or governmental entities. However, the fiduciary duty that patients' interests are held above those of the physicians' is an ethical precept that is tested when society is under threat. DISCUSSION: Disasters that stress society are a constant and can present themselves in a myriad of ways to include medical, meteorological, or political. Minimizing the potential damage to the quality and quantity of life of the population is dependent upon public safety personnel and health care professionals who may put their health and safety in harm's way to care for patients. These acts may be taken for granted or assumed to be part of the professional obligations of physicians and other health care workers who work at the bedside. The obligations of physicians to their patients and society may differ from those not in the medical field, and the level of risk deemed acceptable by the physician and by society should be clearly delineated. CONCLUSION: Despite the conflict between normative and descriptive ethics, in times of disaster, physicians must respond to the call of duty. This duty is contingent on the responsibility being shared with governmental agencies and health care facilities, to mitigate the risks borne by those who answer the call.

[Ethical Duties in Disaster Preparedness.] / Deberes éticos en la preparación ante posibles desastres.

The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and the horizon of expectations in relation to climate change reminds us that it is a collective responsibility to anticipate to the best of our ability and knowledge the risks of foreseeable disasters and their potential impacts on vulnerable communities. The article will examine the meaning and status of moral duties regarding disaster preparedness by adopting a disaster ethics approach which draws on the interrelationship of bioethics with public health ethics and looks at the full cycle of disaster management and the corresponding cycle of protection of victims and professionals. After discussing some normative controversies accompanying well-known classifications of disasters and characterizing the ethical turn to preparedness in disaster management, it will be argued that preparedness duties include obligations relating to planning, anticipation, and prevention of disasters and that they are derivative and positive duties involving a series of prospective, shared and institutionally mediated responsibilities.

La experiencia de la pandemia de la COVID-19 y el horizonte de expectativas en relación con el cambio climático nos recuerdan que es una responsabilidad colectiva anticiparnos en la medida de nuestras posibilidades y conocimientos a los riesgos atendibles de los desastres previsibles y a sus posibles impactos sobre las comunidades vulnerables. En el artículo se examinará el sentido y el estatuto de los deberes éticos acerca de la preparación ante los desastres, para lo cual se adoptará un enfoque de ética de desastres que se basa en la interrelación de la bioética con la ética de la Salud Pública y que contempla el ciclo completo de la gestión de los desastres y el correspondiente ciclo de protección de las víctimas y profesionales. Después de comentar varias controversias normativas que acompañan a conocidas clasificaciones de los desastres y caracterizar el giro ético hacia la preparación en la gestión de desastres, en el artículo se sostendrá que los deberes de preparación incluyen obligaciones relativas a la planificación, la anticipación y la prevención de desastres, así como que son deberes derivados y positivos que implican un entramado de responsabilidades prospectivas, compartidas e institucionalmente mediadas.

[COVID-19, black swans and the anticipation of health disasters: future problems and the future as a problem in Public Health ethics.] / COVID-19, cisnes negros y anticipación de desastres sanitarios: problemas futuros y el futuro como problema en la ética de la Salud Pública.

The COVID-19 pandemic has recalled the importance of prevention and preparedness for highly disastrous events in community health. Several emerging phenomena pose prospective threats to public health. However, the largely future-oriented character of problems, for instance, such as antibiotic resistance, the impact of climate change on health, or the bioengineering of pathogens generates difficulties of analysis. What are the ethical and epistemological challenges raised by future public health problems? How should the moral problems of potentially catastrophic future scenarios be addressed? This article argues in favour of adopting anticipatory ethical approaches from public health ethics. First, it will be argued that addressing these future problems requires reflection on the future as an ethical and epistemic problem. Second, the characteristics of the emerging anticipatory ethics in the fields of ethics of technology and bioethics will be clarified. Third, the application of foresight and anticipatory methodologies in public health ethics debates will be defended. Finally, some reflections will be offered to strengthen anticipatory normative analyses to prevent and address in advance the adverse effects of future health crises.

La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha recordado la importancia de prevenir y planificarse ante eventos altamente desastrosos para la salud comunitaria. Varios fenómenos emergentes suponen amenazas prospectivas para la Salud Pública. Sin embargo, el carácter mayormente futuro de problemas como la resistencia antibiótica, el impacto del cambio climático en la salud o la bioingeniería de patógenos genera dificultades de análisis. ¿Cuáles son los desafíos éticos y epistemológicos que suscitan los problemas futuros para la Salud Pública? ¿Cómo deben abordarse los problemas morales de escenarios futuros, potencialmente catastróficos? En este artículo se defiende la necesidad de adoptar enfoques éticos anticipativos desde la ética de la Salud Pública. En primer lugar, se argumentará que el abordaje de estos problemas futuros requiere reflexionar sobre el futuro como problema ético y epistémico. En segundo lugar, se analizarán las características de la incipiente ética anticipatoria en los ámbitos de la ética de la tecnología y la bioética. En tercer lugar, se defenderá la aplicación de metodologías de previsión y anticipación en debates sobre la ética de la Salud Pública. Finalmente, se ofrecerán algunas reflexiones para fortalecer los análisis normativos anticipativos a fin de prevenir y atajar de antemano los efectos adversos de las futuras crisis sanitarias.

Deberes éticos en la preparación ante posibles desastres / Ethical duties in the preparation against possible disasters

La experiencia de la pandemia de la COVID-19 y el horizonte de expectativas en relación con el cambio climático nos recuerdan quees una responsabilidad colectiva anticiparnos en la medida de nuestras posibilidades y conocimientos a los riesgos atendibles de losdesastres previsibles y a sus posibles impactos sobre las comunidades vulnerables. En el artículo se examinará el sentido y el estatutode los deberes éticos acerca de la preparación ante los desastres, para lo cual se adoptará un enfoque de ética de desastres que sebasa en la interrelación de la bioética con la ética de la Salud Pública y que contempla el ciclo completo de la gestión de los desastresy el correspondiente ciclo de protección de las víctimas y profesionales. Después de comentar varias controversias normativas queacompañan a conocidas clasificaciones de los desastres y caracterizar el giro ético hacia la preparación en la gestión de desastres,en el artículo se sostendrá que los deberes de preparación incluyen obligaciones relativas a la planificación, la anticipación y la pre-vención de desastres, así como que son deberes derivados y positivos que implican un entramado de responsabilidades prospectivas,compartidas e institucionalmente mediadas.(AU)

The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and the horizon of expectations in relation to climate change reminds us that it is acollective responsibility to anticipate to the best of our ability and knowledge the risks of foreseeable disasters and their potentialimpacts on vulnerable communities. The article will examine the meaning and status of moral duties regarding disaster preparednessby adopting a disaster ethics approach which draws on the interrelationship of bioethics with public health ethics and looks at thefull cycle of disaster management and the corresponding cycle of protection of victims and professionals. After discussing somenormative controversies accompanying well-known classifications of disasters and characterizing the ethical turn to preparedness indisaster management, it will be argued that preparedness duties include obligations relating to planning, anticipation, and preventionof disasters and that they are derivative and positive duties involving a series of prospective, shared and institutionally mediatedresponsibilities.(AU)

COVID-19, cisnes negros y anticipación de desastres sanitarios: problemas futuros y el futuro como problema en la ética de la Salud Pública / COVID-19, black swans and the anticipation of health disasters: future problems and the future as a problem in Public Health ethics

La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha recordado la importancia de prevenir y planificarse ante eventos altamente desastrosos para lasalud comunitaria. Varios fenómenos emergentes suponen amenazas prospectivas para la Salud Pública. Sin embargo, el caráctermayormente futuro de problemas como la resistencia antibiótica, el impacto del cambio climático en la salud o la bioingeniería depatógenos genera dificultades de análisis. ¿Cuáles son los desafíos éticos y epistemológicos que suscitan los problemas futurospara la Salud Pública? ¿Cómo deben abordarse los problemas morales de escenarios futuros, potencialmente catastróficos? Eneste artículo se defiende la necesidad de adoptar enfoques éticos anticipativos desde la ética de la Salud Pública. En primer lugar,se argumentará que el abordaje de estos problemas futuros requiere reflexionar sobre el futuro como problema ético y epistémico.En segundo lugar, se analizarán las características de la incipienteética anticipatoria en los ámbitos de la ética de la tecnología y labioética. En tercer lugar, se defenderá la aplicación de metodologías de previsión y anticipación en debates sobre la ética de la SaludPública. Finalmente, se ofrecerán algunas reflexiones para fortalecer los análisis normativos anticipativos a fin de prevenir y atajar deantemano los efectos adversos de las futuras crisis sanitarias.(AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic has recalled the importance of prevention and preparedness for highly disastrous events in communityhealth. Several emerging phenomena pose prospective threats to public health. However, the largely future-oriented character ofproblems, for instance, such as antibiotic resistance, the impact of climate change on health, or the bioengineering of pathogensgenerates difficulties of analysis. What are the ethical and epistemological challenges raised by future public health problems? Howshould the moral problems of potentially catastrophic future scenarios be addressed? This article argues in favour of adopting antici-patory ethical approaches from public health ethics. First, it will be argued that addressing these future problems requires reflectionon the future as an ethical and epistemic problem. Second, the characteristics of the emerginganticipatory ethics in the fields ofethics of technology and bioethics will be clarified. Third, the application of foresight and anticipatory methodologies in public healthethics debates will be defended. Finally, some reflections will be offered to strengthen anticipatory normative analyses to prevent andaddress in advance the adverse effects of future health crises.(AU)

The Thailand Cave Rescue: General Anaesthesia in Unique Circumstances Presents Ethical Challenges for the Rescue Team.

In 2018, the remarkable rescue of twelve young boys and their football coach trapped in a flooded cave in Thailand captured worldwide attention. The rescue required the boys to be dived out of the cave system while fully anaesthetized which presented unique practical and ethical challenges for the rescue team. Major departures from normal anaesthetic practice were required. Taking anaesthetized children underwater was unprecedented, complex, and dangerous. To do this underground in a flooded cave meant the risks were extreme. Using a principlist approach, this essay will outline the rescue plan highlighting the ethical dilemmas faced by the rescue team. Informed consent and full disclosure of information are justifiably waived in emergency disaster scenarios. Beneficence as a guiding principle becomes a major challenge when all rescue options appear destined to cause likely fatalities of healthy young boys. Importantly, virtues and virtue ethics also have a vital role to play when confronting and dealing with ethical challenges in disaster scenarios-this will be discussed with particular reference to the cave rescue.

Seeking an ethical theory for the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak with special reference to Bangladesh's law and policy.

Globally, a traditional management model has generally been used to manage disaster situations, including in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, the government mostly uses the preparedness policy for pandemic outbreak case management. With regard to the limitations arising from the pandemic outbreak the current research will investigate the following questions: when facing a devastating situation, what exactly is the nature of the pandemic outbreak management model incorporated at the governmental level? Keeping these questions in mind, the intention of the existing model is to provide smooth and appropriate assistance to recover from a pandemic outbreak, and to implement effective governance of the situation. This research will identify deficiencies in the current epidemic management policy in Bangladesh, and will assist in forming a new model and developing a systematic procedure for managing future pandemic outbreak situations. The main deficiency in Bangladesh's pandemic management is that the policy paper has failed to identify all hazardous events that may occur in a pandemic outbreak. In most cases, it has underestimated the issues of bioethical responsibility toward the different stakeholders affected during the devastating situation of a pandemic outbreak. The policy does not emphasize the bioethical model; therefore, it fails to encourage support for either public protection or an ethically friendly management system. The model proposed in this article demonstrates an appropriate way to reduce or, if possible, avoid potential damages and losses from a pandemic outbreak. The model aims to prioritize the problems that need assistance to recover from the outbreak.

Awareness of family physician residents of their roles in disaster health management: a cross-sectional study in Turkey.

AIM: Family physicians are role models for their societies in disaster management and have an important place in it. This study was carried out during the specialty training of the residents, who are currently family physicians fighting against COVID-19 in the field, and was aimed to identify the awareness levels of residents regarding the roles and duties of family physicians before, during, and after disasters and to increase their awareness of disaster medicine and management. BACKGROUND: The duties and responsibilities of a family physician in disasters should be a part of their specialty training. This study has contributed to the limited literature, increased awareness, and opened a new avenue of research for studies to be conducted with family physicians by demonstrating the current situation of family physicians in disaster management. METHODS: This is an observational and descriptive study. The knowledge, experience, opinions, willingness, attitudes of the residents, and the awareness levels of the residents regarding their roles and duties in a disaster were evaluated along with their sociodemographic information. The surveys were applied in the family medicine clinics of the all residents by the interview method (n = 233). FINDINGS: Only 9.2% of the residents stated that they had received training on disaster medicine where they currently work. The knowledge level of the residents on this subject was found as 'Unsure'. In total, 80% of the residents stated that family physicians should have a role in disasters. It was found that 83.3% of the residents had never joined a disaster drill, 94.3% had never participated in making or applying a disaster plan, and 97.7% had never worked in any disaster. CONCLUSION: The residents participating in the study lacked not only information on disaster management but also experience. The residents' willingness to receive training, work voluntarily, significantly question the curriculum, and specialize in disaster medicine were a positive outcome.

Moral Distress among Disaster Responders: What is it?

INTRODUCTION: Current research of moral distress is mainly derived from challenges within high-resource health care settings, and there is lack of clarity among the different definitions. Disaster responders are prone to a range of moral challenges during the work, which may give rise to moral distress. Further, organizations have considered increased drop-out rates and sick leaves among disaster responders as consequences of moral distress. Therefore, initiatives have been taken to address and understand the impacts of moral distress and its consequences for responders. Since there is unclarity among the different definitions, a first step is to understand the concept of moral distress and its interlinkages within the literature related to disaster responders. HYPOTHESIS/PROBLEM: To examine how disaster responders are affected by moral challenges, systematic knowledge is needed about the concepts related to moral distress. This paper aims to elucidate how the concept of moral distress in disaster response is defined and explained in the literature. METHODS: The paper opted to systematically map the existing literature through the methods of a scoping review. The searches derived documents which were screened regarding specific inclusion criteria. The included 16 documents were analyzed and collated according to their definitions of moral distress or according to their descriptions of moral distress. RESULTS: The paper provides clarity among the different concepts and definitions of moral distress within disaster response. Several concepts exist that describe the outcomes of morally challenging situations, centering on situations when individuals are prevented from acting in accordance with their moral values. Their specific differences suggest that to achieve greater clarity in future work, moral stress and moral distress should be distinguished. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, a conceptual model of the development of moral distress was developed, which displays a manifestation of moral distress with the interplay between the responder and the context. The overview of the different concepts in this model can facilitate future research and be used to illuminate how the concepts are interrelated.

Disaster Ethics: Shifting Priorities in an Unstable and Dangerous Environment.

Emergency and critical care medicine are fraught with ethically challenging decision making for clinicians, patients, and families. Time and resource constraints, decisional-impaired patients, and emotionally overwhelmed family members make obtaining informed consent, discussing withholding or withdrawing of life-sustaining treatments, and respecting patient values and preferences difficult. When illness or trauma is secondary to disaster, ethical considerations increase and change based on number of casualties, type of disaster, and anticipated life cycle of the crisis. This article considers the ethical issues that arise when health providers are confronted with the challenges of caring for victims of disaster.

Ethical challenges experienced by UK military medical personnel deployed to Sierra Leone (operation GRITROCK) during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: As part of its response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak in west Africa, the United Kingdom (UK) government established an Ebola treatment unit in Sierra Leone, staffed by military personnel. Little is known about the ethical challenges experienced by military medical staff on humanitarian deployment. We designed a qualitative study to explore this further with those who worked in the treatment unit. METHOD: Semi-structured, face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted with 20 UK military personnel deployed between October 2014 and April 2015 in one of three roles in the Ebola treatment unit: clinician; nursing and nursing assistant; and other medical support work, including infection control and laboratory and mortuary services. RESULTS: Many participants reported feeling ethically motivated to volunteer for deployment, but for some personal interests were also a consideration. A small minority had negative feelings towards the deployment, others felt that this deployment like any other was part of military service. Almost all had initial concerns about personal safety but were reassured by their pre-deployment 'drills and skills', and personal protective equipment. Risk perceptions were related to perceptions about military service. Efforts to minimise infection risk were perceived to have made good patient care more difficult. Significantly, some thought the humanitarian nature of the mission justified tolerating greater risks to staff. Trust in the military institution and colleagues was expressed; many participants referred to the ethical obligation within the chain of command to protect those under their command. Participants expected resources to be overwhelmed and 'empty beds' presented a significant and pervasive ethical challenge. Most thought more patients could and should have been treated. Points of reference for participants' ethical values were: previous deployment experience; previous UK/National Health Service experience; professional ethics; and, distinctly military values (that might not be shared with non-military workers). CONCLUSION: We report the first systematic exploration of the ethical challenges face by a Western medical military in the international response to the first major Ebola outbreak. We offer unique insights into the military healthcare workers' experiences of humanitarian deployment. Many participants expressed motivations that gave them common purpose with civilian volunteers.

Victims of disaster: can ethical debriefings be of help to care for their suffering?

Victims of disaster suffer, not only at the very moment of the disaster, but also years after the disaster has taken place, they are still in an emotional journey. While many moral perspectives focus on the moment of the disaster itself, a lot of work is to be done years after the disaster. How do people go through their suffering and how can we take care of them? Research on human suffering after a major catastrophe, using an ethics of care perspective, is scarce. People suffering from disasters are often called to be in distress and their emotional difficulties 'medicalised'. This brings them often into a situation of long term use of medication, and one can wonder if medication is of help to them in the long run. In our paper, we will explore another moral perspective, focusing on the importance of the victims' narrative and their lived experiences. We will use Paul Ricoeur's phenomenological reflections from 'Suffering is not the same as pain' for conceptualizing human suffering and how to apply it to victims of disaster. Ricoeur suggests that suffering is not a quantity that can be measured, but a characteristic that should be studied qualitatively in interpersonal and narrative contexts. Above all, the perspective of care and listening could offer an opportunity to reconcile people from their loss and suffering.

Consent in escrow.

Disasters such as flash flooding, mass shootings, and train and airplane accidents involving large numbers of victims produce significant opportunity for research in the biosciences. This opportunity exists in the extreme tails of life events, however, during which decisions about life and death, valuing and foregoing, speed and patience, trust and distrust, are tested simultaneously and abundantly. The press and urgency of these scenarios may also challenge the ability of researchers to comprehensively deliver information about the purposes of a study, risks, benefits, and alternatives. Under these circumstances, we argue that acquiring consent for the immediate use of data that are not time sensitive represents a gap in the protection of human study participants. In response, we offer a two-tiered model of consent that allows for data collected in real-time to be held in escrow until the acute post-disaster window has closed. Such a model not only respects the fundamental tenet of consent in research, but also enables such research to take place in an ethically defensible manner.